@article {43,
	title = {Phylogenetic signal and its decay in mitochondrial SSU and LSU rRNA gene fragments of Anisoptera.},
	journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/01//},
	pages = {27 - 37},
	abstract = {The phylogeny of Anisoptera, dragonflies in the strict sense, has proven to be notoriously difficult to resolve. Based on morphological characters, several recent publications dealing with the phylogeny of dragonflies proposed contradicting inter- and intrafamily relationships. We explored phylogenetic information content of mitochondrial large-subunit (LSU) and small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal gene fragments for these systematic problems. Starting at published universal primers, we developed primer sets suitable for amplifying large parts of the LSU and SSU rRNA genes within dragonflies. These fragments turned out to harbor sufficient phylogenetic information to satisfyingly resolve intrafamily relationships, but they contain insufficient phylogenetic structure to permit reliable conclusions about several interfamily relationships. We demonstrate that decay of phylogenetic signal progresses from intrafamily to interfamily to outgroup relationships and is correlated with an increase of genetic distances. As expected, signal decay is most pronounced in fast-changing sites. Additionally, base composition among fast-changing sites significantly deviates from the expected homogeneity. Homogeneity of base composition among all included taxa was restored only after removing fast-changing sites from the data set. The molecular data tentatively support interfamily relationships proposed by the most recent publication based on morphological characters of fossil and extant dragonflies.},
	keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Animals, Base Composition, Genes, Insect, Insects, Insects: classification, Insects: genetics, Mitochondria, Mitochondria: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, PHYLOGENY, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, RNA, Sequence Alignment},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141190},
	author = {Misof, B and Rickert, A M and Buckley, T R and Fleck, G and Sauer, K P}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Phylogeny of Ephemeroptera (mayflies) based on molecular evidence.},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/12//},
	pages = {625 - 43},
	abstract = {This study represents the first molecular phylogeny for the Order Ephemeroptera. The analyses included 31 of the 37 families, representing approximately 24\% of the genera. Fifteen families were supported as being monophyletic, five families were supported as nonmonophyletic, and 11 families were only represented by one species, and monophyly was not testable. The suborders Furcatergalia and Carapacea were supported as monophyletic while Setisura and Pisciforma were not supported as monophyletic. The superfamilies Ephemerelloidea and Caenoidea were supported as monophyletic while Baetoidea, Siphlonuroidea, Ephemeroidea, and Heptagenioidea were not. Baetidae was recovered as sister to the remaining clades. The mayfly gill to wing origin hypothesis was not supported nor refuted by these data. Mandibular tusks were supported as having at least one loss in Behningiidae and, together with the burrowing lifestyle, possibly two origins. The fishlike body form was supported as plesiomorphic for mayflies with multiple secondary losses. Topological sensitivity analysis was used as a tool to examine patterns concerning the stability of relationships across a parameter landscape, providing additional information that may not have been acquired otherwise.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Insects, Insects: anatomy \& histology, Insects: classification, Insects: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, PHYLOGENY, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214375},
	author = {Ogden, T Heath and Whiting, Michael F}
}
@article {28,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships, divergence time estimation, and global biogeographic patterns of calopterygoid damselflies (odonata, zygoptera) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.},
	journal = {Systematic biology},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06//},
	pages = {347 - 62},
	abstract = {The calopterygoid superfamily (Calopterygidae + Hetaerinidae) is composed of more than twenty genera in two families: the Calopterygidae (at least 17) and the Hetaerinidae (at least 4). Here, 62 calopterygoid (ingroup) taxa representing 18 genera and 15 outgroup taxa are subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the ribosomal 18S and 5.8S genes and internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2). The five other families of calopterid affinity (Polythoridae, Dicteriadidae, Amphipterygidae, Euphaeidae, and Chlorocyphidae) are included in the outgroup. For phylogenetic inference, we applied maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and the Bayesian inference methods. A molecular phylogeny combined with a geographic analysis produced a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis that partly confirms the traditional taxonomy and describes distributional patterns. A monophyletic origin of the calopterygoids emerges, revealing the Hetaerinid clade as sister group to the Calopterygidae sensu strictu. Within Calopterygidae, seven clades of subfamily rank are recognized. Phylogenetic dating was performed with semiparametric rate smoothing by penalized likelihood, using seven reference fossils for calibration. Divergence time based on the ribosomal genes and spacers and fossil constraints indicate that Calopteryginae (10 genera, approximately 50\% of all Calopterygid taxa studied here), Vestalinae (1 genus), and Hetaerinidae (1 genus out of 4 studied here) started radiating around 65 Mya (K/T boundary). The South American Iridictyon (without distinctive morphology except for wing venation) and Southeast Asian Noguchiphaea (with distinctive morphology) are older (about 86 My) and may be survivors of old clades with a Gondwanian range that went extinct at the K/T boundary. The same reasoning (and an even older age, ca. 150 My) applies to the amphipterygids Rimanella and Pentaphlebia (South America-Africa). The extant Calopterygidae show particular species and genus richness between west China and Japan, with genera originating between the early Oligocene and Pleistocene. Much of that richness probably extended much wider in preglacial times. The Holarctic Calopteryx, of Miocene age, was deeply affected by the climatic cooling of the Pliocene and by the Pleistocene glaciations. Its North American and Japanese representatives are of Miocene and Pliocene age, respectively, but its impoverished Euro-Siberian taxa are late Pliocene-Pleistocene, showing reinvasion, speciation, and introgression events. The five other calopterid families combine with the Calopterygidae and Hetaerinidae to form the monophyletic cohort Caloptera, with Polythoridae, Dicteriadidae, and Amphipterygidae sister group to Calopterygoidea. The crown node age of the latter three families has an age of about 157 My, but the Dicteriadidae and Polythoridae themselves are of Eocene age, and the same is true for the Euphaeidae and Chlorocyphidae. The cohort Caloptera itself, with about 197 My of age, goes back to the early Jurassic.},
	keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Bayes Theorem, Demography, DNA, DNA Primers, Evolution, Genetic, Geography, Insects, Insects: genetics, Likelihood Functions, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, PHYLOGENY, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, Sequence Analysis},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012103},
	author = {Dumont, Henri J and Vanfleteren, Jacques R and De Jonckheere, Johan F and Weekers, Peter H}
}
@article {32,
	title = {Convergent evolution of gigantism in damselflies of Africa and South America? Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data.},
	journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/02//},
	pages = {339 - 46},
	abstract = {Extreme large body size is rare in modern Zygoptera (damselflies). Only the South and Central American damselfly family Pseudostigmatidae and one African species, Coryphagrion grandis, share the morphological trait of gigantism. By means of phylogenetic analyses using two mitochondrial markers (16S rDNA and ND1) and one nuclear marker (EF1) in combination with an existing morphological data set, we trace the evolution of gigantism in damselflies. Individual and combined data sets were analyzed using the maximum parsimony, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood algorithms. Regardless of the algorithm used and the data set analyzed all principal tree topologies support a monophyly of the damselfly taxa displaying giant body size. This supports the view that the evolution of gigantism in damselflies from Africa and South America is not the result of convergent evolution due to strikingly similar habitat preferences, but rather the result of close genealogical relationship. Because modern odonates evolved before the split of Africa from Gondwanaland, the proposed phylogeny suggests that C. grandis represents a Gondwana relict.},
	keywords = {AFRICA, Animals, Cell Nucleus, Cell Nucleus: genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial, DNA, Mitochondrial: chemistry, DNA, Mitochondrial: genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Insects, Insects: classification, Insects: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, NADH Dehydrogenase, NADH Dehydrogenase: genetics, Peptide Elongation Factor 1, Peptide Elongation Factor 1: genetics, PHYLOGENY, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, South America},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945555},
	author = {Groeneveld, Linn F and Clausnitzer, Viola and Hadrys, Heike}
}
@article {14,
	title = {Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing},
	journal = {Cladistics},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/08//},
	pages = {477 - 514},
	abstract = {We undertook a comprehensive morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of dragonfly phylogeny, examining both extant and fossil lineages in simultaneous analyses. The legitimacy of higher-level family groups and the phylogenetic relationship between families were tested. Thirteen families were supported as monophyletic (Aeshnidae, Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae, Gomphidae, Isostictidae, Lestidae, Libellulidae, Petaluridae, Platystictidae, Polythoridae, Pseudostigmatidae and Synthemistidae) and eight as non-monophyletic (Amphipterygidae, Coenagrionidae, Corduliidae, Megapodagrionidae, Protoneuridae and Synlestidae), although Perilestidae and Platycnemididae were recovered as monophyletic under Bayesian analyses. Nine families were represented by one species, thus monophyly was not tested (Epiophlebiidae, Austropetaliidae, Chlorogomphidae, Cordulegastridae, Macromiidae, Chorismagrionidae, Diphlebiidae, Lestoideidae and Pseudolestidae). Epiprocta and Zygoptera were recovered as monophyletic. Ditaxinerua is supported as the sister lineage to Odonata, Epiophlebiidae and the lestid-like damselflies are sister to the Epiprocta and Zygoptera, respectively. Austropetaliidae + Aeshnidae is the sister lineage to the remaining Anisoptera. Tarsophlebia_fs placement as sister to Epiprocta or as sister to Epiprocta + Zygoptera was not resolved. Refinements are made to the current classification. Fossil taxa did not seem to provide signals crucial to recovering a robust phylogeny, but were critical to understanding the evolution of key morphological features associated with flight. Characters associated with wing structure were optimized revealing two wing character complexes: the pterostigma-nodal brace complex and the costal wing base \& costal-ScP junction complex. In turn, these two complexes appear to be associated; the pterostigma.nodal brace complex allowing for further modification of the wing characters comprised within the costal wing base \& costal.ScP junction complex leading the modern odonate wing.},
	keywords = {ODONATA, PALAEONTOLOGY, PHYLOGENY},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00191.x},
	author = {Bybee, Seth M and Ogden, T Heath and Branham, Marc A and Whiting, Michael F}
}
